To investigate the transcriptional profile and regulatory mechanisms of iron-responsive genes in Phyllostachys edulis (maozhu bamboo), this study cultured maozhu bamboo seedlings using nutrient solutions with different iron concentrations. Physiological and biochemical measurements were conducted to explore the physiological responses of maozhu bamboo to varying iron environments. RNA-seq technology was then employed to preliminarily mine and explore the transcriptome of maozhu bamboo in response to iron conditions, elucidating the adaptive mechanisms of maozhu bamboo to iron deficiency and iron toxicity. This study is of significant importance for subsequent molecular improvement of forest trees, enhancing plants' tolerance to iron stress, and promoting the healthy development of bamboo forest ecosystems.