WGCNA analysis was primarily conducted online using BIC (39429882). In most cases, the soft threshold β = 0.85 was used, and the input data consisted of standardized whole-genome transcriptomes or differential gene transcriptomes. For cohort 1 of GSE137570, the selected clinical traits were "Gender," "GFP," "TIF (degree of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, %)," and "CKD staging." For cohort 2, the input trait was "CKD progression (0=stable, 1=progressive)." The main outcomes included "sample cluster," "module dendrogram," "module-traits correlation," and "module gene-trait correlation," among others.