肠肺轴机制解析：肠道菌群如何双向调控肺部免疫与炎症反应？

There is a bidirectional regulatory relationship between the gut microbiota and pulmonary inflammation and immune responses: Gut microbes can influence pulmonary immune responses and inflammatory reactions by producing inflammatory cytokines, metabolites, and other factors; conversely, pulmonary inflammation and immune responses can disrupt the stability of the gut microbiota. Gut microbes can translocate to the lungs and accumulate (e.g., in ARDS patients, there is an enrichment of gut Bacteroides in the lungs), and their accumulation and dysbiosis in the lungs are closely related to systemic inflammation and alveolar inflammation [57]. Clinical and experimental evidence has shown that fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy individuals can reduce systemic inflammation and lung tissue pathological damage associated with COPD, while pulmonary infections and other conditions can alter the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota, further affecting the disease course [58]. Currently, probiotics have been used in the prevention and treatment research of acute and chronic respiratory diseases, highlighting the potential value of gut microbiota in the management of COPD [56].