阿尔茨海默病病理机制解析：2025年最新研究进展与治疗挑战

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia, accounting for approximately 60% to 80% of all dementia cases. Clinically, it manifests as memory decline and cognitive impairment. The typical pathological features of AD primarily include extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in brain tissue and intracellular abnormal tangles of tau protein, accompanied by neuronal death, brain tissue damage, atrophy, and inflammatory responses. Currently, there are no proven effective methods for preventing or curing Alzheimer's disease [1-2]. The incidence of Alzheimer's disease increases with age, and under the influence of global aging, both the incidence and the number of patients with Alzheimer's disease have shown a significant increase [3]. It is estimated that in 2019, about 57.4 million people worldwide had dementia, and this number is projected to reach 152.8 million by 2050 [4]. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease remains undetermined, and current major hypotheses include the β-amyloid hypothesis, tau protein and neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cerebrovascular lesions, synaptic dysfunction and neurotransmitter changes, and gut microbiota [5-14].