大规模人类肾脏RNA测序数据分析：慢性肾脏病的基因表达与免疫通路

In large-scale human kidney RNA sequencing or microarray datasets, we first utilized the chronic kidney disease (CKD) dataset GSE137570 for differential gene screening and enrichment analysis. This dataset includes two subsets. The first subset contains relevant clinical and pathological information such as TIF and GFP; the second subset is related to CKD progression. We compared CKD cases (G2-G5, n=21) with healthy controls (G1, n=3) using criteria of |logFoldChange| > 1 and p < 0.05. As shown in Figure 1A, 1878 upregulated genes and 410 downregulated genes were identified. Similarly, we compared progressive cases (n=8) with non-progressive cases (n=9). As shown in Figure 1B, a total of 2275 genes were upregulated and 1110 genes were downregulated at the transcriptional level. Subsequently, we performed functional enrichment analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) on the differentially expressed genes from both subsets. As shown in Figure 1C, fibrosis-related functions such as regulation of cell-cell adhesion, positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion, and multiple immune-related functions such as regulation of T cell activation and positive regulation of cytokine production were enriched in CKD cases. In Figure 1D, similar enrichment patterns were observed in progressive CKD cases. Further, we conducted pathway enrichment analysis using KEGG. As shown in Figures 1E and 1F, immune-related pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway, as well as inflammatory disease pathways such as graft-versus-host disease and asthma, were significantly enriched. Collectively, the enrichment of differentially expressed genes indicates that renal immune responses are closely associated with the onset and progression of CKD.