阿尔茨海默病防治进展：2025病理机制与流行病学深度解析

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia, accounting for approximately 60% to 80% of all dementia cases. Clinically, it is characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction. The typical pathological features of AD include extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and intraneuronal abnormal tangles of tau protein, accompanied by neuronal death, brain tissue damage, atrophy, and inflammatory responses. Currently, there are no proven effective methods for preventing or curing Alzheimer's disease [1-2]. The incidence of Alzheimer's disease increases with age, and under the influence of global aging, both the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer's disease have shown significant increases [3]. It is estimated that in 2019, about 57.4 million people worldwide had dementia, and this number is projected to reach 152.8 million by 2050 [4]. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease remains unclear, but current major hypotheses include the β-amyloid hypothesis, tau protein and neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cerebrovascular lesions, synaptic dysfunction and neurotransmitter changes, and gut microbiota [5-14].